SQLAlchemy 2.0 Documentation
SQLAlchemy ORM
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Special Relationship Persistence Patterns¶
Rows that point to themselves / Mutually Dependent Rows¶
This is a very specific case where relationship() must perform an INSERT and a second UPDATE in order to properly populate a row (and vice versa an UPDATE and DELETE in order to delete without violating foreign key constraints). The two use cases are:
A table contains a foreign key to itself, and a single row will have a foreign key value pointing to its own primary key.
Two tables each contain a foreign key referencing the other table, with a row in each table referencing the other.
For example:
user
---------------------------------
user_id name related_user_id
1 'ed' 1
Or:
widget entry
------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------
widget_id name favorite_entry_id entry_id name widget_id
1 'somewidget' 5 5 'someentry' 1
In the first case, a row points to itself. Technically, a database that uses
sequences such as PostgreSQL or Oracle can INSERT the row at once using a
previously generated value, but databases which rely upon autoincrement-style
primary key identifiers cannot. The relationship()
always assumes a “parent/child” model of row population during flush, so
unless you are populating the primary key/foreign key columns directly,
relationship()
needs to use two statements.
In the second case, the “widget” row must be inserted before any referring
“entry” rows, but then the “favorite_entry_id” column of that “widget” row
cannot be set until the “entry” rows have been generated. In this case, it’s
typically impossible to insert the “widget” and “entry” rows using just two
INSERT statements; an UPDATE must be performed in order to keep foreign key
constraints fulfilled. The exception is if the foreign keys are configured as
“deferred until commit” (a feature some databases support) and if the
identifiers were populated manually (again essentially bypassing
relationship()
).
To enable the usage of a supplementary UPDATE statement,
we use the relationship.post_update
option
of relationship()
. This specifies that the linkage between the
two rows should be created using an UPDATE statement after both rows
have been INSERTED; it also causes the rows to be de-associated with
each other via UPDATE before a DELETE is emitted. The flag should
be placed on just one of the relationships, preferably the
many-to-one side. Below we illustrate
a complete example, including two ForeignKey
constructs:
from sqlalchemy import Integer, ForeignKey
from sqlalchemy.orm import mapped_column
from sqlalchemy.orm import DeclarativeBase
from sqlalchemy.orm import relationship
class Base(DeclarativeBase):
pass
class Entry(Base):
__tablename__ = "entry"
entry_id = mapped_column(Integer, primary_key=True)
widget_id = mapped_column(Integer, ForeignKey("widget.widget_id"))
name = mapped_column(String(50))
class Widget(Base):
__tablename__ = "widget"
widget_id = mapped_column(Integer, primary_key=True)
favorite_entry_id = mapped_column(
Integer, ForeignKey("entry.entry_id", name="fk_favorite_entry")
)
name = mapped_column(String(50))
entries = relationship(Entry, primaryjoin=widget_id == Entry.widget_id)
favorite_entry = relationship(
Entry, primaryjoin=favorite_entry_id == Entry.entry_id, post_update=True
)
When a structure against the above configuration is flushed, the “widget” row will be INSERTed minus the “favorite_entry_id” value, then all the “entry” rows will be INSERTed referencing the parent “widget” row, and then an UPDATE statement will populate the “favorite_entry_id” column of the “widget” table (it’s one row at a time for the time being):
>>> w1 = Widget(name="somewidget")
>>> e1 = Entry(name="someentry")
>>> w1.favorite_entry = e1
>>> w1.entries = [e1]
>>> session.add_all([w1, e1])
>>> session.commit()
BEGIN (implicit)
INSERT INTO widget (favorite_entry_id, name) VALUES (?, ?)
(None, 'somewidget')
INSERT INTO entry (widget_id, name) VALUES (?, ?)
(1, 'someentry')
UPDATE widget SET favorite_entry_id=? WHERE widget.widget_id = ?
(1, 1)
COMMIT
An additional configuration we can specify is to supply a more
comprehensive foreign key constraint on Widget
, such that
it’s guaranteed that favorite_entry_id
refers to an Entry
that also refers to this Widget
. We can use a composite foreign key,
as illustrated below:
from sqlalchemy import (
Integer,
ForeignKey,
String,
UniqueConstraint,
ForeignKeyConstraint,
)
from sqlalchemy.orm import DeclarativeBase
from sqlalchemy.orm import mapped_column
from sqlalchemy.orm import relationship
class Base(DeclarativeBase):
pass
class Entry(Base):
__tablename__ = "entry"
entry_id = mapped_column(Integer, primary_key=True)
widget_id = mapped_column(Integer, ForeignKey("widget.widget_id"))
name = mapped_column(String(50))
__table_args__ = (UniqueConstraint("entry_id", "widget_id"),)
class Widget(Base):
__tablename__ = "widget"
widget_id = mapped_column(Integer, autoincrement="ignore_fk", primary_key=True)
favorite_entry_id = mapped_column(Integer)
name = mapped_column(String(50))
__table_args__ = (
ForeignKeyConstraint(
["widget_id", "favorite_entry_id"],
["entry.widget_id", "entry.entry_id"],
name="fk_favorite_entry",
),
)
entries = relationship(
Entry, primaryjoin=widget_id == Entry.widget_id, foreign_keys=Entry.widget_id
)
favorite_entry = relationship(
Entry,
primaryjoin=favorite_entry_id == Entry.entry_id,
foreign_keys=favorite_entry_id,
post_update=True,
)
The above mapping features a composite ForeignKeyConstraint
bridging the widget_id
and favorite_entry_id
columns. To ensure
that Widget.widget_id
remains an “autoincrementing” column we specify
Column.autoincrement
to the value "ignore_fk"
on Column
, and additionally on each
relationship()
we must limit those columns considered as part of
the foreign key for the purposes of joining and cross-population.
Mutable Primary Keys / Update Cascades¶
When the primary key of an entity changes, related items which reference the primary key must also be updated as well. For databases which enforce referential integrity, the best strategy is to use the database’s ON UPDATE CASCADE functionality in order to propagate primary key changes to referenced foreign keys - the values cannot be out of sync for any moment unless the constraints are marked as “deferrable”, that is, not enforced until the transaction completes.
It is highly recommended that an application which seeks to employ
natural primary keys with mutable values to use the ON UPDATE CASCADE
capabilities of the database. An example mapping which
illustrates this is:
class User(Base):
__tablename__ = "user"
__table_args__ = {"mysql_engine": "InnoDB"}
username = mapped_column(String(50), primary_key=True)
fullname = mapped_column(String(100))
addresses = relationship("Address")
class Address(Base):
__tablename__ = "address"
__table_args__ = {"mysql_engine": "InnoDB"}
email = mapped_column(String(50), primary_key=True)
username = mapped_column(
String(50), ForeignKey("user.username", onupdate="cascade")
)
Above, we illustrate onupdate="cascade"
on the ForeignKey
object, and we also illustrate the mysql_engine='InnoDB'
setting
which, on a MySQL backend, ensures that the InnoDB
engine supporting
referential integrity is used. When using SQLite, referential integrity
should be enabled, using the configuration described at
Foreign Key Support.
See also
Using foreign key ON DELETE cascade with ORM relationships - supporting ON DELETE CASCADE with relationships
mapper.passive_updates
- similar feature on Mapper
Simulating limited ON UPDATE CASCADE without foreign key support¶
In those cases when a database that does not support referential integrity
is used, and natural primary keys with mutable values are in play,
SQLAlchemy offers a feature in order to allow propagation of primary key
values to already-referenced foreign keys to a limited extent,
by emitting an UPDATE statement against foreign key columns that immediately
reference a primary key column whose value has changed.
The primary platforms without referential integrity features are
MySQL when the MyISAM
storage engine is used, and SQLite when the
PRAGMA foreign_keys=ON
pragma is not used. The Oracle database also
has no support for ON UPDATE CASCADE
, but because it still enforces
referential integrity, needs constraints to be marked as deferrable
so that SQLAlchemy can emit UPDATE statements.
The feature is enabled by setting the
relationship.passive_updates
flag to False
,
most preferably on a one-to-many or
many-to-many relationship()
. When “updates” are no longer
“passive” this indicates that SQLAlchemy will
issue UPDATE statements individually for
objects referenced in the collection referred to by the parent object
with a changing primary key value. This also implies that collections
will be fully loaded into memory if not already locally present.
Our previous mapping using passive_updates=False
looks like:
class User(Base):
__tablename__ = "user"
username = mapped_column(String(50), primary_key=True)
fullname = mapped_column(String(100))
# passive_updates=False *only* needed if the database
# does not implement ON UPDATE CASCADE
addresses = relationship("Address", passive_updates=False)
class Address(Base):
__tablename__ = "address"
email = mapped_column(String(50), primary_key=True)
username = mapped_column(String(50), ForeignKey("user.username"))
Key limitations of passive_updates=False
include:
it performs much more poorly than direct database ON UPDATE CASCADE, because it needs to fully pre-load affected collections using SELECT and also must emit UPDATE statements against those values, which it will attempt to run in “batches” but still runs on a per-row basis at the DBAPI level.
the feature cannot “cascade” more than one level. That is, if mapping X has a foreign key which refers to the primary key of mapping Y, but then mapping Y’s primary key is itself a foreign key to mapping Z,
passive_updates=False
cannot cascade a change in primary key value fromZ
toX
.Configuring
passive_updates=False
only on the many-to-one side of a relationship will not have a full effect, as the unit of work searches only through the current identity map for objects that may be referencing the one with a mutating primary key, not throughout the database.
As virtually all databases other than Oracle now support ON UPDATE CASCADE
,
it is highly recommended that traditional ON UPDATE CASCADE
support be used
in the case that natural and mutable primary key values are in use.
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